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Background：IL-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced mainly by Th2 cells, ILC2s, mast cells, and eosinophils. It signals through the IL-4Rα chain, often in conjunction with the γc or IL-13Rα1, activating downstream pathways such as STAT6, driving type 2 immune responses, promoting IgE class switching, mucus production, airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation, and tissue remodeling. IL-13 is closely involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis and certain fibrotic states, and it also participates in defense against parasites.The IL-13 gene is located in a region with upstream and downstream shared elements, and its expression is regulated by transcription factors responsive to Th2-skewing signals, such as GATA3 and STAT6. IL-13 signaling can be regulated by receptor availability, soluble decoys, and genetic variants that affect receptor binding or expression. Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-13 or its signaling axis (for example, monoclonal antibodies against IL-13 or IL-4Rα) have shown efficacy in reducing mucus hypersecretion, airway inflammation, and remodeling in various allergic diseases, highlighting the key role of IL-13 in type II (Type 2) immunity.
