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Background:Histone H3 forms H3-H4 tetramers as nucleosome skeleton. Lysine acetylation regulated by HAT/HDAC relaxes chromatin and recruits transcription co-activators. Different acetyl sites control transcription, DNA repair and chromatin assembly. H3 Lys9 crotonylation (H3K9cr) accumulates on promoters of metabolism and pluripotency genes. Distinct from repressive H3K9me3, H3K9cr drives transcriptional activation by loosening nucleosome structure. Cellular crotonate concentration directly governs global H3K9cr level, linking chromatin state to cell metabolism.
