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Background:Histone H3 is one of the core histone proteins that constitute the nucleosome, the fundamental repeating unit of eukaryotic chromatin, together with H2A, H2B and H4. Post‑translational modifications on the flexible N‑terminal tails of histones dynamically regulate chromatin compaction and accessibility, governing transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, genome stability and cell fate determination. Lysine 9 of histone H3 undergoes mono‑, di‑ and tri‑methylation (H3K9me1, H3K9me2, H3K9me3). H3K9me1 is present at certain regulatory genomic regions. H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 are well‑characterized repressive epigenetic hallmarks for heterochromatin, enriched at pericentromeres, telomeres and transposable elements to silence repetitive sequences and safeguard genome integrity. Dysregulation of H3K9 methylation is associated with cancer, developmental defects and aging‑related phenotypes.
