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Background:Histones are subject to a variety of enzyme catalyzed modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, etc. Butyrylation of lysineis a newly identified reversible modification controllingchromosome structure and gene transcription. Lysinebutyrylation is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells fromworm to human. The unique structure and genomic localization of histone lysine butyrylation suggest that it is mechanistically and functionally different from histonelysine acetylation. Specifically, in both human somatic andrabbit male germ cell genomes, histone butyrylation marks either active promoters or potential enhancers. Butyrylation of histone H3 at Lys18 may play a vital role in the epigenetic modulation, including chromatin remodeling and DNA
