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Background：
Histone H3 forms H3-H4 tetramers to build nucleosome core scaffold. Its lysine residues undergo diverse reversible post-translational modifications including malonylation and methylation, catalyzed by modifying enzymes and erased by demodifying enzymes. Modifications alter nucleosome compactness and recruit specific reader proteins to regulate transcription, metabolism, DNA repair and cell fate. Different lysine sites carry distinct epigenetic functions. H3K56 locates within nucleosome core domain. H3K56 monomethylation (H3K56me1) regulates nucleosome stability after DNA replication and facilitates DNA double-strand break repair. This modification balances chromatin assembly and transcription recovery post-damage; loss leads to genome instability and cell cycle arrest.
