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Background:Phospho-Tyrosine (pY) is a widely occurring post-translational modification on tyrosine residues in eukaryotic cells. This modification is catalyzed by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), which covalently attach a phosphate group to the phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine, and can be reversibly removed by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Tyrosine phosphorylation serves as a core mechanism in cellular signal transduction, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and metabolism. Dysregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is closely associated with tumorigenesis, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and other pathological conditions, making it a critical target in cell signaling and therapeutic drug development.
