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Background：
Histone H3 forms H3-H4 tetramers to build nucleosome scaffold. Lysine monomethylation is a dynamic epigenetic modification controlled by methyltransferases and demethylases. Different methyl marks recruit unique reader proteins to regulate gene transcription, cell differentiation and genome maintenance. Each lysine site on H3 carries independent biological functions. H3K9me1 distributes at gene promoters and intergenic regulatory regions. It serves as an intermediate state between open acetylated chromatin and repressive H3K9me2/me3 heterochromatin. H3K9me1 participates in cell cycle regulation and tissue-specific gene silencing, and its abundance shifts during stem cell differentiation. H3K18 monomethylation (H3K18me1) mainly enriches at cell differentiation and pluripotency-related gene loci. It coordinates with acetylation modifications to balance transcriptional activation and silencing, maintaining stem cell identity. Under DNA damage stress, H3K18me1 accumulates at repair foci to stabilize chromatin structure.
