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Background:Histones and non-histone proteins undergo diverse enzyme-catalyzed post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination. Threonine phosphorylation is one of the most conserved and essential reversible protein modifications in eukaryotes, catalyzed by protein kinases and reversed by protein phosphatases.It widely exists in cell signaling molecules, transcription factors, histones and structural proteins. Threonine phosphorylation participates in regulating cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolic homeostasis and DNA damage response. Abnormal threonine phosphorylation levels are closely associated with tumorigenesis, inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases and metabolic dysfunction.
